Answer:
Constitutive activation is the alteration of a protein or signaling pathway such that it is functional or engaged even in the absence of an upstream activating event. For example, RasD is constitutively active because it cannot bind GAP and therefore remains in the GTP-bound, active state even when cells are not stimulated by growth factor to activate a receptor tyrosine kinase.
Constitutively active Ras is cancer promoting because cells will proliferate in the absence of growth factors, and thus normal regulatory mechanisms for cell proliferation are bypassed.
(a) A mutation that resulted in Smad3 binding Smad4, entering the nucleus, and activating transcription independent of phosphorylation by the TGFβ receptor would render Smad3 constitutively active.
(b) A mutation that made MAPK active as a kinase and able to enter the nucleus without being phosphorylated by MEK would render MAPK constitutively active.
(c) A mutation that prevented NF-KB from binding to IK-B or that allowed NF-KB to enter the nucleus and regulate transcription even when bound to IK-B would render NF-KB constitutively active.
Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen all make up amino acids.
Answer:
A. The mutation will become more common
Explanation:
D.All of the Above
How has selective breeding changed the wolf into the many different breeds of domestic dogs that we know today?
a. Animals with the traits that were desired were bred to each other.
b. As civilization changed, so did our need and desire for different types of dogs.
c. The fear of humans was bred out of wild wolves.
d. All of the above.
