<h3><u>Answer and explanation;</u></h3>
- This can be done by<u> DNA sequencing which is the process of determining the accurate order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule</u>.
- By doing a DNA sequencing for the two sequences of DNA from the two species it will help compare the number of random mutations which have occurred in a molecular clock in the two species - that is, seeing how different the sequences are.
- This will make it possible to infer how long ago the species diverged.
Species A: GTTGAGCTAGTATGGACC
Species B: GATAAGCTAGTAAGGTCA
These species differ in 5 nucleotides.
This number should be multiplied by the rate of mutations; that is;
5 × 15 million years =75 million years.
Answer & explanation:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule made up of <u>one adenosine molecule</u> and <u>three phosphate radicals</u> (P) capable of storing small amounts of energy (from the breakdown of food) in their chemical bonds, acting as a temporary energy container.
ATP is directly linked to cell metabolic processes such as cellular respiration and photosynthesis. When cells need energy, for the sodium-potassium pump, for example, the ATP molecule breaks down.
This breakdown is made by hydrolysis (ATP breaks using water), so the bond between the phosphate group 2 and the phosphate group 3 breaks down, leaving one Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule, which has two phosphate radicals.
At the end of the process the energy that kept the phosphate groups bound is released and used in processes such as <u>stretching and shortening of muscle fibers</u>, nerve impulses and hormonal regulation. These processes utilize the active energy released by ATP hydrolysis.
ATP - ADP conversion is the fundamental way to get energy because the cell cannot use the glucose molecule directly.
Chemotherapy targets fast growing cells , including cancer cells ,skin cells, Gastro intestinal cells, blood cells etc.
Explanation:
- Chemotherapy refers to use of chemicals to treat diseases like, cancer.
- This procedure involves the use of cytotoxic chemicals that inhibit mitosis.
- Drugs used in Chemotherapy principally target fast growing cells of the body .
- Thus along with cancer cells these drugs also effect normal body cells such as , blood cells, skin cells etc.
- Damage to blood cells weakens the immune system and the patient is susceptible to other diseases also.
- To avoid such situation chemotherapy is accompanied with other combination medicines.
- Even after having several side effects chemotherapy is suggested as most suitable treatment to reduce symptoms of most type of cancer because it involves the introduction of drugs into the blood and thus can be targeted to any anatomical location in the body.
Billions of years ago Earth was just a planet made out of rocks. After the Big Bang Theory, Earth was being formed. After it was formed it took years and years for life to even start on earth. What started life was when Earth started to produce it's own water then soon it made volcanoes which made islands which formed into gigantic places that we call home. Later on Earth started to produce it's own weather and atmosphere. As earth had it's first rainfall, the ground started to grow green leaves that we call grass and trees. With those changes, life was starting to be born. The first living things on Earth, singled-celled micro-organisms or microbes lacking a cell nucleus or cell membrane known as prokarotes. Later on the the organisms starting producing more organism which evolved later into human and animal life.
Hope this helped <span />
Activated partial thromboplastin
time (aPTT) is the blood test to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients
taking heparin. The purpose of carrying out the Activated partial
thromboplastin time (aPTT) test is to find out if the right dose of heparin is
being used.
