1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
GrogVix [38]
2 years ago
11

During which stage of interphase do cells copy their chromosomes?

Biology
1 answer:
Step2247 [10]2 years ago
8 0

Answer:

The S phase (Synthesis phase)

  • DNA replication takes place during the S-phase of interphase, creating two identical sets of DNA. The DNA coils and condenses into units known as chromosomes during the start of mitosis. The two identical sister chromatids that make up each chromosome are joined by a centromere.

<h2>How does DNA replication work?</h2>

The biological process of creating two identical copies of DNA from a single original DNA molecule is known as DNA replication.

A double helix of two complementary strands makes up DNA. These strands are split apart in the replication process. The method of semi-conservative replication uses each strand of the original DNA molecule as a template to create its counterpart.

Several enzymes that carry out this process are given below, along with their activities.

____________

  1. DNA Dependent DNA POLYMERASE is a class of enzymes that is responsible for all organisms' DNA replication processes. It accelerates DNA replication in the 5′ to 3′ range.
  2. The enzyme known as TOPOISOMERASE is involved in the over- or under-winding of DNA.
  3. HELICASE—Using the energy from ATP hydrolysis, which is characterized by the breakdown of hydrogen bonds between annealed nucleotide bases, helicases are frequently employed to separate the strands of a DNA double helix or a self-annealed RNA molecule.
  4. DNA GYRASE, a particular kind of topoisomerase, relieves strain caused by DNA helicase's unwinding action.
  5. DNA LIGASE- Joins the OKAZAKI FRAGMENT of the lagging strand and re-anneals the semi-conservative strands.
  6. PRIMASE - Primase catalyzes the production of a short primer, which is a ssDNA template-specific piece of RNA (or DNA in other species).

REPLICATION FORK -(Attachment #1)

_________________

REPLICATION PROCESS -

  1. INITIATION - The beginning of DNA replication takes place at certain locations in the DNA molecule known as ori-sites or regions. Enzymes often recognize these locations and initiate the process. As opposed to C-G base pairs, which produce three hydrogen bonds, A-T base pairs only form two hydrogen bonds, making them easier to strand split. As a result, these sites are typically "AT-rich" (rich in adenine and thymine bases). Following the discovery of the origin, enzymes create a pre-replication complex that unzips the double-stranded DNA. The enzyme topoisomerase is involved in this process.
  2. Elongation - The 5'-3' activity of the DNA polymerase enzyme. Now, a new strand was created by DNA polymerase enzymes in the direction of 5′ to 3′ (note: the DNA template is read in 3' to 5' direction). RNA primers were simultaneously created by the primase enzyme and utilized by the polymerase to create new strands of RNA.

As DNA polymerase enzyme has 5′ - 3′ direction so two types of strand are form -

LEADING STRAND - A DNA polymerase with high processivity that has the direction 5′ - 3′ (template strand 3′-5′) extends the continuous strand from the primer in the same direction as the replication fork that is expanding. One RNA primer is applied to the leading strand.

LAGGING STRAND - It is the discontinuous strand whose synthesis is going in the opposite direction of the replication fork that is developing. Each primer extends the lagging strand intermittently to create Okazaki fragments. A low processivity DNA polymerase that is different from the replicative polymerase enters to fill the gaps after RNase eliminates the priming RNA pieces. Multiple primers are applied to the lagging strand, and then the Okazaki fragments are joined by the ligase enzyme, filling in the gaps.

TERMINATION - Replication forks meet and end at several locations throughout the chromosome because eukaryotes start DNA replication at various locations; it is unknown how these are controlled. Termination necessitates the halting or blocking of the DNA replication fork's forward motion. When termination occurs at a particular locus, it includes the interaction of two elements: (1) a DNA sequence known as a termination site sequence, and (2) a protein that binds to this region to actually cease DNA replication.

#SPJ2

You might be interested in
What organism can ferment lactose but can't use citric acid for all their carbon needs
aleksklad [387]
I think it is carbohydrate metabolism

4 0
2 years ago
I need help does anybody knows the answer
Marat540 [252]
C i think





let me know if i was right :)
8 0
2 years ago
hey all of you science talents I am in desperate needs of your help. Please don't answer randomly. Try your best and DONT ANSWER
Alex

Answer:

1. 25%

2. 75%

3. 1:2:1

Explanation:

6 0
2 years ago
How are codons and anticodons alike?
julia-pushkina [17]
A codon is a group of three mRNA bases while an anticodon is a group of three tRNA bases. For example AUC is a codon and UAG is an anticodon that matches it.
4 0
3 years ago
Artesian springs bring pressurized groundwater to the surface through which feature of Karst topography?
AnnZ [28]

Answer:

The correct answer is D) Fissures

Explanation:

Karst is a topography or landform that is created by the dissolution of soluble rocks beneath the surface by waters from the surface or below.

Fissures are formed when because of earth movements there is the occurrence of a long, narrow opening, in the earth.

Artesian springs refer to the water coming out through these cracks or openings in the earth onto the surface of the Karst topography.

Cheers

4 0
3 years ago
Other questions:
  • Describe the role of plants in the movement of water through the water cycle. A) Plants act as a water reservoir by absorbing wa
    12·2 answers
  • You have been assigned the task of identifying the cells in a plant tissue sample. using your microscope you determine the cells
    14·1 answer
  • Explain how consuming an acid neutralizing antacid might affect protein digestion. Apply the concept of activation energy to sup
    6·2 answers
  • Which of the following best describes how the process of mitosis results in the formation of new cells? (2 points)
    7·2 answers
  • In what ways are fats and steroids similar to each other, and in what ways are they different? a. Fats and steroids are both hyd
    7·2 answers
  • Explain the processes of transcription and translation
    13·2 answers
  • Human cells have 46 chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of a pair of identical chromatids attached together by a structure cal
    5·1 answer
  • Bodily energy Taoists cultivate within themselves is called:
    10·1 answer
  • A growling stomach and the stimulation of hunger represent the
    15·1 answer
  • What is it called when conditions improve based on patient's beliefs? (Psychology)
    12·1 answer
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!