Because the framers of the United States Constitution (written in 1787) believed that protecting property rights relating to inventions would encourage the new nation’s economic growth, they gave Congress—the national legislature—a constitutional mandate to grant patents for inventions. The resulting patent system has served as a model for those in other nations. Recently, however, scholars have questioned whether the American system helped achieve the framers’ goals. These scholars have contended that from 1794 to roughly 1830, American inventors were unable to enforce property rights because judges were “anticipate” and routinely invalidated patents for arbitrary reasons. This argument is based partly on examination of court decisions in cases where patent holders (“patentees”) brought suit alleging infringement of their patent rights. In the 1820s, for instance, 75 percent of verdicts were decided against the patentee. The proportion of verdicts for the patentee began to increase in the 1830s, suggesting to these scholars that judicial attitudes toward patent rights began shifting then.
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Answer:
2 Senators
Explanation:
Each state is represented by two senators regardless of its size. Conversely, in the House of Representatives, a state's representation is based on its population. For example, Kansas has four representatives and California has 53. This is because we have a bicameral legislature which acts as a check on the legislative branch so it does not become too powerful.
Answer:fire department //im not shure but i will get back to you if i find something better//
Explanation:
Answer:
This deduction, created by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, allows non-corporate taxpayers to deduct up to 20 percent of their QBI, plus 20% of qualified real estate investment trust (REIT) dividends and qualified publicly traded partnership (PTP) income.Jul 16, 2019
Explanation:
or 2018, the threshold amount is $315,000 for a married couple filing a joint return, and $157,500 for all other taxpayers. The SSTB limitations don't apply for taxpayers with taxable income at or below the threshold amount.This new deduction is equal to 20% of a taxpayer's “qualified business income” (QBI). QBI is calculated by netting the total amount of qualified income, gain, deduction and loss from any qualified trade or business. ... Capital gains and losses, certain dividends and interest income are some of the excluded items.Apr 2, 2019Section 199A defines a qualified trade or business by exclusion; every trade or business is a qualified business other than: The trade or business of performing services as an employee, and. A specified service trade or business.
