Answer:
- <u><em>d) increases as the interest rate decreases.</em></u>
Explanation:
<em>Present value</em> is the value today; future value is the value some time in the future.
The mere notion of the value of money in time should tell you that, further away in time (towards the future) a sum of money is found, the lower its value today.
Then, you should be able to rule out some propositions that are contrary to that intuition:
- a<em>) decreases as the time period decreases</em> ↔ clearly false: the present value increases as the time period decreases
- <em>e) is directly related to the time period</em>. ↔ clearly false: the present value is inversely related to the time period.
How is the present value related to the future value?
They are directly related: the higher a lump sum in the future the higher the value of it in the present; more money is more money always. More money in the future has more value in the present; less money in the future has less value in the present. Thus, the option <em>b). is inversely related to the future value</em> is false
How is the present value related to the interest rate?. Which one is true?
- c) is directly related to the interest rate, or
- d) increases as the interest rate decreases
The present value is calculated discounted the future value at the interest rate. The interest rate is in the denominator of the equation to pass from future value to present value. Thus, they are inversely related (c is false); the less the interest rate, the higher the present value of a future amount (confirm d is true).
Therefore, the correct answer is that <em>the present of a lump sum future amount: </em><em><u>d) increases as the interest rate decreases.</u></em>
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The expected return on the common stock should decrease.
To calculate the new expected return on the common stock, we need to calculate the new value of the common stock and debt. The new value of the common stock is $64 million + $16 million = $80 million. The value of the debt is reduced by $16 million to $20 million.
The new expected return on the common stock is 16.6% * ($80 million/$96 million) = 15.63%.
Therefore, the expected return on the common stock should decrease from 16.6% to 15.63%.
A security that symbolises ownership in a firm is called common stock. Common stock owners choose the board of directors and cast ballots for corporate rules. Long-term rates of return are often higher with this type of stock ownership.
To know more about stock here
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International Monetary Fund (IMF) <span>was founded in 1945, one year after the creation of the world bank, to promote trade through financial cooperation and eliminate trade barriers in the process.
</span>IMF <span>is an international organization headquartered in Washington, </span> responsible for ensuring stability of the international monetary system.
Answer:
Downward communication
Explanation:
Downward communication in a formal structure is the flow of information in terms of orders, appreciation, encouragement from higher authority to subordinates across the organization.
Upward communication in the form of feedback and problems flow from lower level employees to upper level. Here, the board of directors are top level employees who have passed the message to the employees to raise the level of service. This is a form of downward communication.
