Several central and peripheral neuroendocrine substances - neurotransmitters and hormones regulate appetite and they can be affected by lack of adequate sleep.
<h3>What are neuroendocrine substances and how do they regulate appetite?</h3>
Neuroendocrine substances are those which are released by endocrine glands in connection with the nervous system.
A complicated network of cerebral and peripheral signals that interact to control each person's reaction to nutrient intake controls appetite. Adiposity and satiety signals are examples of peripheral regulators, whereas the neuropeptidergic, monoaminergic, and endocannabinoid systems are examples of central regulators. Following a meal, gastrointestinal (GI) tract hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY) travel down the vagus nerve to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the caudal brainstem. The arcuate nucleus (ARC) receives afferent fibers from the NTS, where they integrate satiety signals with adiposity signals like leptin and insulin as well as with a number of hypothalamic and supra-hypothalamic inputs to create a complex network of neural circuits that ultimately elaborate the individual response to a meal. Agouti-related peptide (AGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), as well as cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated mRNA, are orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, respectively, secreted by ARC neurons (CART). The paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which secretes anorexigenic peptides like thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), and oxytocin, the lateral hypothalamus (LHA), and perifornical area (PFA), which secrete the orexigenic substances orexin-A (OXA), and melanin-concentrating hormone, are other brain regions located downstream the (MCH).
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