Would this be speciation?
<span>Protein channels are needed to transport substances because it accelerates the transport process. Very few substances enter or leave cells without being attached to a transport protein. Different types of substances require different types of proteins to transport them. Protein channels transport water or ions downwards and ATP-powered pumps transport molecules or ions upwards. ATP generates energy to transport the molecules upwards. Gravity is used to transport the water molecules downwards. So, in a nutshell, if substances need to be transported from the top of the body downward, the force of gravity is used to transport the substances down. If substances need to be transported upwards, ATP, a coenzyme, is used to generate energy to transport the substance upwards</span>
Phospholipids have a hydrophilic(water-liking) ‘head’ and a hydrophobic ‘tail’ so they are amphipathic. They form a lipid bilayer because of their amphipathic properties. The tails get sandwiches between the hydrophilic heads that are able to interact with water.
Hope this helps:)
The answer is <span>0.132606 amu.</span>
The mass defect (Δm) is the total mass of protons and neutrons minus the mass of the atom.
<span>mass of an oxygen-16 atom: 15.994914 amu
mass of a proton: 1.00728 amu
mass of a neutron: 1.00866 amu
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An oxygen atom has 8 protons and 8 neutrons. Therefore:
Δm = 8 · 1.00728 + 8 · 1.00866 - <span>15.994914 = 8.05824 + 8.06928 - 15.994914 = 0.132606 amu
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