Question

why are the trends and exceptions to the trends in ionization energy observed? check all that apply. ionization energy tends to increase down a group because the electrons get farther away from the nucleus. ionization energy tends to increase across a period because the nuclear charge increases.

Answer 1

Exception in trends in ionization energy is observed because of Hund's rule and electronic configuration.

Trends in ionization energy

Ionization energy generally increases as we move from left to right in a period. This increase is because the radius of atoms decreases due to increase in nuclear charge. Thus more energy is required to take an electron out of its shell.

Ionization energy decreases down the group because as we move down number of shell increases and thus effective nuclear charge on outermost electron decreases and thus electron comes out easily.

Exception in trends in ionization energy

Group $2$ elements show more ionization energy than group $13$ elements

and similarly group $16$ elements and low ionization energy than group $15$elements.

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