Answer:D. explain the reasons behind their communications and solicit feedback
Explanation:
Downward communication refers to how the information is transferred downwards formally from the higher levels to the lower levels in an organization hierarchy. This means that what ever message or direction or orders intended for everyone in the organization start from the higher managerial positions and passes down
Advantages
Discipline in the organization,
Efficiency and Effective communication of goals , easily communication of the goals that need to be achieved and guidance towards those goals.
Disadvantages
Distortion message can get lost along the way and others may not find it as it was originally sent, slow feedback cause it may take time to reach all levels, Interpretative problems
Answer:
the effect of change in workplace as it broke workers' routines and made them more alert, increased
Explanation:
a. A decrease in sick day was not conducted
b. the experiment was quantitatively measured so his own bias couldn't have had any influence.
c. workers productivity had no effect of being studied.
d. change in workers' routines brought them out of monotony and fatigue. A series of experiments were conducted in which length and numer of breaks were varied in each experiment. It was noticed that length and number of breaks had a positive effect uptill the certain number and length of break. Upon further increasing the length and number of breaks, te output decreased. Even after the changes were undone, the productivity increased
e. effect of longer breaks is explained above. It only had an impact uptill a certain amount. Increased illumination had no effect on the output.
Social perception: A subfield of social psychology that studies the ways in which we form and modify impressions of others.
Primacy Effect: The tendency to evaluate others in terms of first impressions.
It resolved the problems of how the states should be respresented