Question

why can't the lowest-mass main-sequence stars become giants? giants are huge, so they are massive stars. actually, low-mass stars do become giants. they are not massive enough to fuse helium. they are not hot enough.

Answer 1

Low-mass stars can become giants when they reach the end of their main sequence lifetimes.

What is Low-mass stars?
Low mass stars use the proton-proton chain to fuse hydrogen to helium inside of their cores over the course of billions of years. They typically have a convection zone, and depending on how active it is, we can tell whether the star's activity resembles the sunspot cycle on our Sun. Some tiny stars have convection zones that are incredibly deep. Some of these stars as well rotate quickly, twisting the magnetic fields around them. A flare of radiation, including X rays, may result from the alignment of these field lines. A low mass star uses up its core hydrogen over the course of its lifetime and transforms it into helium. The star gradually grows brighter as the core gradually contracts and heats up. The star's core eventually runs out of hydrogen due to nuclear fusion.

The star will expand significantly and become increasingly luminous as it evolves off the main sequence. This is known as the Red Giant branch, and it occurs as the star runs out of hydrogen fuel and starts to fuse helium in its core. This causes the star to swell in size and increase in luminosity, eventually becoming a Red Giant.

To learn more about Low mass stars
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