The two particles that are equal in a atom is the proton and electron.
Answer:

Explanation:
Given data
mass of copper m=4.85 kg
charge of electron qe= -1.6×10⁻¹⁹C
To find
Number of electron n must be removed
Solution
Equate the magnitude of electric force Fe of repulsion between two two spheres to the magnitude of gravitational force of attraction between them
So

where q is charge of each sphere which is equal to number n of removed electrons multiplied by each charge qe
So

I think the number 2, not sure
Answer:
In an ideal pulley system is assumed as a perfect system, and the efficiency of the pulley system is taken as 100% such that there are no losses of the energy input to the system through the system's component
However, in a real pulley system, there are several means through which energy is lost from the system through friction, which is converted into heat, sound, as well as other forms of energy
Given that the mechanical advantage = Force output/(Force input), and that the input force is known, the energy loss comes from the output force which is then reduced, and therefore, the Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA) is less than the Ideal Mechanical Advantage of an "ideal" pulley system
The relationship between the actual and ideal mechanical advantage is given by the efficiency of the pulley system as follows;

Explanation: