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vfiekz [6]
2 years ago
7

A steel bar is 150 mm square and has a hot-rolled finish. It will be used in a fully reversed bending application. Sut for the s

teel used in the bar is 600 MPa. (a) Using a 99.9% reliability factor, determine the endurance limit of the bar material. (b) How many cycles can it survive if alternating stress is 100 MPa
Engineering
1 answer:
Xelga [282]2 years ago
8 0

Answer:

See explanation

Explanation:

Given The bar is square and has a hot-rolled finish. The loading is fully reversed bending.

Tensile Strength

Sut: 600 MPa

Maximum temperature

Tmax: 500 °C

Bar side dimension

b: 150 mm

Alternating stress

σa: 100 MPa

Reliability

R: 0.999 Note 1.

Assumptions Infinite life is required and is obtainable since this ductile steel will have an endurance limit. A reliability factor of 99.9% will be used.

Solution See Excel file Ex06-01.xls.

1 Since no endurance-limit or fatigue strength information is given, we will estimate S'e based on the ultimate tensile strength using equation 6.5a.

S'e: 300 MPa = 0.5 * Sut

2 The loading is bending so the load factor from equation 6.7a is

Cload: 1

3 The part size is greater than the test specimen and the part is not round, so an equivalent diameter based on its 95% stressed area must be determined and used to find the size factor. For a rectangular section in nonrotating bending, the A95 area is defined in Figure 6-25c and the equivalent diameter is found from equation 6.7d

A95: 1125 mm2 = 0.05 * b * b Note 2.

dequiv: 121.2 mm = SQRT(A95val / 0.0766)

and the size factor is found for this equivalent diameter from equation 6.7b, to be

Csize: 0.747 = 1.189 * dequiv^-0.097

4 The surface factor is found from equation 6.7e and the data in Table 6-3 for the specified hot-rolled finish.

Table 6-3 constants

A: 57.7

b: -0.718 Note 3.

Csurf: 0.584 = Acoeff * Sut^bCoeff

5 The temperature factor is found from equation 6.7f :

Ctemp: 0.710 = 1 - 0.0058 * (Tmax - 450)

6 The reliability factor is taken from Table 6-4 for R = 0.999 and is

Creliab: 0.753

7 The corrected endurance limit Se can now be calculated from equation 6.6:

Se: 69.94 MPa = Cload * Csize * Csurf * Ctemp *

Creliab * Sprme

Let

Se: 70 MPa

8 To create the S-N diagram, we also need a value for the estimated strength Sm at 103 cycles based on equation 6.9 for bending loading.

Sm: 540 MPa = 0.9 * Sut

9 The estimated S-N diagram is shown in Figure 6-34 with the above values of Sm and Se. The expressions of the two lines are found from equations 6.10a through 6.10c assuming that Se begins at 106 cycles.

b: -0.2958 Note 4.

a: 4165.7

Plotting Sn as a function of N from equation 6.10a

N Sn (MPa)

1000 540 =aa*B73^bb

2000 440

4000 358

8000 292

16000 238

32000 194

64000 158

128000 129

256000 105

512000 85

1000000 70

FIGURE 6-34. S-N Diagram and Alternating Stress Line Showing Failure Point

10 The number of cycles of life for any alternating stress level can now be found from equation 6.10a by replacing σa for Sn.

At N = 103 cycles,

Sn3: 540 MPa = aa * 1000^bb

At N = 106 cycles,

Sn6: 70 MPa = aa * 1000000^bb

The figure above shows the intersection of the alternating stress line (σa = 100 MPa) with the failure line at N = 3.0 x 105 cycles.

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Assumptions:

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  • Ignition 2-3: the volume remains constant while heat is added to the mass of gas.
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         r = \frac{V_4}{V_3} = \frac{V_1}{V_2}

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If the system produces enough work, the automobile and its occupants will propel. On the other hand, the efficiency of the Otto Cycle is defined as follows:

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Ideal air is the working fluid, as stated before, for which its specific heat ratio can be considered constant.

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Answer:

See image attached.

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3 years ago
Airbags will deploy in a head on collision but not in a collision that occurs from angle
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Answer:  

Airbags will deploy in almost any angle.

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Cars have sensors around them, so when the car gets hit, the sensors detect a crash and deploy the airbags to keep you safe.

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3 years ago
Water is flowing at a rate of 0.15 ft3/s in a 6 inch diameter pipe. The water then goes through a sudden contraction to a 2 inch
Georgia [21]

Answer:

Head loss=0.00366 ft

Explanation:

Given :Water flow rate Q=0.15 \frac{ft^{3}}{sec}

         D_{1}= 6 inch=0.5 ft

        D_{2}=2 inch=0.1667 ft

As we know that Q=AV

A_{1}\times V_{1}=A_{2}\times V_{2}

So V_{2}=\frac{Q}{A_2}

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We know that Head loss due to sudden contraction

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If nothing is given then take K=0.5

So head lossh_{l}=(0.5)\frac{{0.687}^2}{2\times 32.18}

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4 0
2 years ago
A utility generates electricity with a 36% efficient coal-fired power plant emitting the legal limit of 0.6 lb of SO2 per millio
Mama L [17]

Answer:

a) 570 kWh of electricity will be saved

b) the amount of  SO₂ not be emitted or heat of electricity saved is 0.00162 ton/CLF

c) $1.296 can be earned by selling the SO₂ saved by a single CFL

Explanation:

Given the data in the question;

a) How many kilowatt-hours of electricity would be saved?

first, we determine the total power consumption by the incandescent lamp

P_{incandescent} = 75 w × 10,000-hr = 750000 wh = 750 kWh

next, we also find  the total power consumption by the fluorescent lamp

P_{fluorescent} = 18 × 10000 = 180000 = 180 kWh

So the value of power saved will be;

P_{saved} = P_{incandescent}  - P_{fluorescent}

P_{saved} = 750 - 180

P_{saved}  = 570 kWh

Therefore, 570 kWh of electricity will be saved.

now lets find the heat of electricity saved in Bituminous

heat saved = energy saved per CLF / efficiency of plant

given that; the utility has 36% efficiency

we substitute

heat saved =  570 kWh/CLF / 36%

we know that; 1 kilowatt (kWh) = 3,412 btu per hour (btu/h)

so

heat saved =  570 kWh/CLF / 0.36 × (3412 Btu / kW-hr (

heat saved = 5.4 × 10⁶ Btu/CLF

i.e eat of electricity saved per CLF is 5.4 × 10⁶

b) How many 2,000-lb tons of SO₂ would not be emitted

2000 lb/tons = 5.4 × 10⁶ Btu/CLF

0.6 lb SO₂ / million Btu = x

so

x = [( 5.4 × 10⁶ Btu/CLF ) × ( 0.6 lb SO₂ /  million Btu )] / 2000 lb/tons

x = [( 5.4 × 10⁶ Btu/CLF ) × ( 0.6 lb SO₂ )] / [ ( 10⁶) × ( 2000 lb/ton) ]

x = 3.24 × 10⁶ / 2 × 10⁹

x = 0.00162 ton/CLF

Therefore, the amount of  SO₂ not be emitted or heat of electricity saved is 0.00162 ton/CLF

c)  If the utility can sell its rights to emit SO2 at $800 per ton, how much money could the utility earn by selling the SO2 saved by a single CFL?

Amount = ( SO₂ saved per CLF ) × ( rate per CFL )

we substitute

Amount = 0.00162 ton/CLF × $800

= $1.296

Therefore; $1.296 can be earned by selling the SO₂ saved by a single CFL.

3 0
3 years ago
If the tank is designed to withstand a pressure of 5 MPaMPa, determine the required minimum wall thickness to the nearest millim
dmitriy555 [2]

Answer: hello some aspects of your question is missing below is the missing information

The gas tank is made from A-36 steel and has an inner diameter of 1.50 m.

answer:

≈ 22.5 mm

Explanation:

Given data:

Inner diameter = 1.5 m

pressure = 5 MPa

factor of safety = 1.5

<u>Calculate the required minimum wall thickness</u>

maximum-shear-stress theory ( σ allow ) = σγ / FS

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given that |σ| = σ allow  

3.75 (10^6) / t = 166.67 (10^6)

∴ t ( wall thickness ) = 0.0225 m   ≈ 22.5 mm

4 0
2 years ago
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