Answer:
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The thickness of aluminium needed to stop the beam electrons, protons and alpha particles at the given dfferent kinetic energies is 1.5 x 10⁻¹⁴ m.
<h3>
Thickness of the aluminum</h3>
The thickness of the aluminum can be determined using from distance of closest approach of the particle.

where;
- Z is the atomic number of aluminium = 13
- e is charge
- r is distance of closest approach = thickness of aluminium
- k is Coulomb's constant = 9 x 10⁹ Nm²/C²
<h3>For 2.5 MeV electrons</h3>

<h3>For 2.5 MeV protons</h3>
Since the magnitude of charge of electron and proton is the same, at equal kinetic energy, the thickness will be same. r = 1.5 x 10⁻¹⁴ m.
<h3>For 10 MeV alpha-particles</h3>
Charge of alpah particle = 2e

Thus, the thickness of aluminium needed to stop the beam electrons, protons and alpha particles at the given dfferent kinetic energies is 1.5 x 10⁻¹⁴ m.
Learn more about closest distance of approach here: brainly.com/question/6426420
Answer:
Q = -68.859 kJ
Explanation:
given details
mass 
initial pressure P_1 = 104 kPa
Temperature T_1 = 25 Degree C = 25+ 273 K = 298 K
final pressure P_2 = 1068 kPa
Temperature T_2 = 311 Degree C = 311+ 273 K = 584 K
we know that
molecular mass of 
R = 8.314/44 = 0.189 kJ/kg K
c_v = 0.657 kJ/kgK
from ideal gas equation
PV =mRT






WORK DONE

w = 586*(0.1033 -0.514)
W =256.76 kJ
INTERNAL ENERGY IS



HEAT TRANSFER

= 187.902 +(-256.46)
Q = -68.859 kJ