Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation which do not have a visible color, but if you mean the paint type it is a grayish color.
Traits are basically your phenotype. They include things like hair color, height, and eye color. Alleles are versions of genes. ... This is a pretty basic idea of how traits and alleles are related.
D. Is leaf like and protects the developing flower.
The acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s². This simply means that when anything falls, its downward speed keeps increasing, and it falls 9.8 m/s faster every second than it fell 1 second earlier.
After 3 seconds of falling, the object is falling at (3 x 9.8 m/s) = 29.4 m/s faster than at the beginning of the 3 seconds. If it had no vertical speed at the beginning of the 3 seconds, then THAT's its speed after 3 seconds . . . . . <em>29.4 m/s</em> downward.
As far as being thrown horizontally off the cliff . . . that has no effect on it vertical speed. Horizontally, it doesn't matter whether it rolls gently over the edge, or somebody throws it horizontally, or it gets shot horizontally out of a high power rifle. It hits the ground at the same time and with the same speed in every case.