I cannot found the exercise anywhere, so I will just explain how the toxin works.
A toxin is a toxic substance made by a living organism such as a bacterium, a fungus, a plant or an animal.
Labil toxins are toxins which are by easily degraded. among these toxins, there is the toxin of Escherichia coli and the cholera toxin of <span>Vibrio cholerea.
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The intracellular target of cholera toxin is adenylate cyclase, one of the most important eukaryotic cell regulatory systems. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of ATP into a cyclic AMP (cAMP), a crucial intracellular messenger in a wide variety of cellular processes.
Cholera toxin catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) to a specific arginine residue of the Gsa protein, resulting in the activation of adenylate cyclase and consequently the increase of the intracellular level cAMP. AMPc activates a cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which leads to phosphorylation of the protein, modification of ion transport and finally diarrhea.
When Charles Darwin considered wings of birds, apart from his famous proposal he also predicted that fossils will be found with structures that are intermediate between early and modern form.
Answer: Option C
<u>Explanation:</u>
Charles Darwin was basically referring to transitional Fossil while considering Wings of bird. So what are transitional fossil? They are the fossil remains of both the ancestral group and the descendant group.
Since we don’t have enough record of the fossils, it is very difficult to know the accuracy of transitional fossil. However, we do have some record of fossils from which we can gather enough evidence of how the fossils where earlier and how it evolved over a period of time.
Answer:
ΔG°' for the conversion of citrate to α-ketoglutarate = - 273.64 kJmol-1
Explanation:
ΔG°' for Citrate is +6.64 kJmol-1
ΔG°' for Isocitrate is -267 kJmol-1
ΔG°' for the conversion of citrate to α-ketoglutarate = ΔG°' for product - ΔG°' for reactant
ΔG°' for the conversion of citrate to α-ketoglutarate = -267 kJmol-1 - (+6.64 kJmol-1)
ΔG°' for the conversion of citrate to α-ketoglutarate = - 273.64 kJmol-1
The most significant limitation to the clinical utility of anthracycline antineoplastic medicines, which include doxorubicin (adriamycin), daunorubicin, or epirubicin, is the danger of cardiotoxicity.
- Nevertheless, these substances continue to rank among the most popular anticancer medications.
- Although the oxidative stress-based concept involving intramyocardial formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has acquired the most respect, the molecular etiology of anthracycline cardiotoxicity is still quite debatable.
- Through redox cycling of both their aglycones and anthracycline-iron complexes, anthracyclines may facilitate the generation of ROS.
- Given the remarkable cardioprotective efficacy of dexrazoxane, this suggested mechanism has gained a lot of traction (ICRF-187).
What is Influenza?
- It affects the lungs, nose, and throat.
- High-risk groups include young children, elderly individuals, pregnant women, persons with chronic illnesses, and those with weakened immune systems.
- Fever, chills, muscle pains, cough, congestion, runny nose, headaches, and exhaustion are some of the symptoms.
- Rest and fluids are the main treatments for the flu because they allow the body to fight the illness on its own.
- Anti-inflammatory painkillers sold over-the-counter may aid with symptoms. An yearly flu shot can lessen complications and aid in prevention.
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