1.) Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are often described as been chemically opposite because the product of the photosynthesis process is the reactant of the cellular respiration process and vice versa.
<em>The reactants of cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen and these happen to be the products of photosynthesis also. During the process of photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, which are the reactants of the photosynthesis process. </em>
2.) Photosynthesis and cellular processes are related to each other, this is because, the photosynthesis process produces the glucose, which cellular respiration used to synthesis energy in the cells of living organisms. <em>Thus, the glucose producing plants depend on the living organisms that carried out cellular respiration to produce carbon dioxide and water, which is the necessary reactants for photosynthesis process. The organisms using cellular respiration also depend on plants to produce glucose and oxygen for their use.</em>
Hope this helps,
♥<em>A.W.E.</em><u><em>S.W.A.N.</em></u>♥
It may be c, if not you can punch me in the face.
Answer:
DNA vaccines consist of DNA vectors or plasmids (small double-stranded DNA rings originally derived from bacteria, but unable to cause infection) into which the genes encoding one or more immunizing proteins of the infectious agent have been inserted causing the disease to be prevented.
Explanation:
Vectors are the functional unit of naked DNA vaccines. Genes that encode the proteins of interest and are of bacterial origin are inserted into these vectors. Bacterial plasmids are circular DNA molecules that self-replicate extrachromosomally in bacteria. The genes encoded in these plasmids are under the control of promoters, almost always of viral origin. When a plasmid is introduced into the cell it translocates to the nucleus, where transcription of the transgene begins; the transcripts are then taken to the cytoplasm and translated there. The newly synthesized proteins are degraded in the proteasome to 8-10 amino acid peptides, which are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum. Peptides of high affinity with their respective MHC I molecule stabilize and enter the secretory pathway, thus reaching the cell surface, where they are coupled with the T-lymphocyte receptor (TcR) present on the surface of T lymphocytes cytotoxic drugs (CD8 +) to induce their activation.
