How are energy inputs and outputs related to chemical reactions

1 answer:

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The large number of areas covered by the chemical energetics can be explained by the different forms in which chemical energy can be released: heat and combustion work, electrical energy in electrochemistry, radiant energy in chemiluminescent systems.

The chemical energy provided by a reaction reflects the energy balance associated with the electronic modifications suffered by the species involved.

From an energy point of view, a chemical reaction between molecules can be schematized in two stages. The first requires a supply of energy and corresponds to the rupture of the bonds of the reactant molecules with release of the atoms which constitute them.

The second releases energy and concerns the creation, by recombination of these atoms, of new bonds entering the structure of the reaction molecules.

As a general rule, the energy released in the second stage is greater than the first. We are talking about exothermic reaction. The difference between these two energies (reaction enthalpy) measures the amount of chemical energy transferred to the external environment.

It is conceivable that this quantity translates, not only the number, but also the strength of the connections involved.

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In a prokaryote, just in front of the operator, the promoter is located, and just in front of the structural genes, the operator is located. All these in combination give rise to an operon.

Any gene, which codes for an enzyme or a structural protein is termed as a structural gene, in the lac operon, a structural gene codes for three distinct kinds of enzymes. A short sequence of DNA is situated just in front of the structural gene, which is known as the operator. An operator functions as a switch for transcription, that is, it monitors whether the process of transcription will take place or not.

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