What describes the change in Gibbs free energy (∆G) of a spontaneous reaction?
1 answer:
<u>Answer:</u> The correct answer is Option A.
<u>Explanation:</u>
Gibbs Free energy is defined as amount of useful work that can be done in the system. It is equal to the enthalpy of the reaction minus the product of entropy of the reaction and absolute temperature.
Mathematically,
Where,
= Gibbs free energy
= Enthalpy of the reaction
= Entropy of the reaction
T = Absolute temperature
Sign Convention for Gibbs Free energy:
If , it is considered as a Spontaneous reaction.
If , it is considered as a Non-Spontaneous reaction.
If , reaction is in equilibrium.
Hence, the correct answer is Option A.
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Carbon dioxide has a total of 16 valence electrons.
1. To determine the number of valence electrons of carbon dioxide (CO2), first determine the number of valence electrons of each of the elements in the molecule.
a. We have 1 carbon (C) molecule, and 2 oxygen (O) molecules.
b. The carbon molecule has 4 valence electrons and each oxygen molecule has 6 oxygen molecules.
2. Add up the valence electrons of each of the elements
4 + (2 x 6) = 16
(from C) (2 oxygen molecules, with 6 valence electrons each)
Thus, CO2 has a total of 16 valence electrons.
The number of valence electrons can be more clearly seen from the Lewis structure of the CO2 in the figure below (Source: http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/bonding-electrons.html). The the dots surrounding the letters represent the valence electrons.
1. To determine the number of valence electrons of carbon dioxide (CO2), first determine the number of valence electrons of each of the elements in the molecule.
a. We have 1 carbon (C) molecule, and 2 oxygen (O) molecules.
b. The carbon molecule has 4 valence electrons and each oxygen molecule has 6 oxygen molecules.
2. Add up the valence electrons of each of the elements
4 + (2 x 6) = 16
(from C) (2 oxygen molecules, with 6 valence electrons each)
Thus, CO2 has a total of 16 valence electrons.
The number of valence electrons can be more clearly seen from the Lewis structure of the CO2 in the figure below (Source: http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/bonding-electrons.html). The the dots surrounding the letters represent the valence electrons.