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3 years ago

What is the total number of outer (valence) electrons in carbon dioxide, co2? answer?

Chemistry

1 answer:

Anuta_ua [19.1K]3 years ago

8 0

Carbon dioxide has a total of 16 valence electrons.

1. To determine the number of valence electrons of carbon dioxide (CO2), first determine the number of valence electrons of each of the elements in the molecule.

a. We have 1 carbon (C) molecule, and 2 oxygen (O) molecules.

b. The carbon molecule has 4 valence electrons and each oxygen molecule has 6 oxygen molecules.

2. Add up the valence electrons of each of the elements

4 + (2 x 6) = 16
(from C) (2 oxygen molecules, with 6 valence electrons each)

Thus, CO2 has a total of 16 valence electrons.

The number of valence electrons can be more clearly seen from the Lewis structure of the CO2 in the figure below (Source: http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/bonding-electrons.html). The the dots surrounding the letters represent the valence electrons.

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A distillation column with a partial reboiler and a total condenser is being used to separate a mixture of benzene, toluene, and

ololo11 [35]

Answer:

11.8.4 Distillation Columns

Distillation columns present a hazard in that they contain large inventories of flammable boiling liquid, usually under pressure. There are a number of situations which may lead to loss of containment of this liquid.

The conditions of operation of the equipment associated with the distillation column, particularly the reboiler and bottoms pump, are severe, so that failure is more probable.

The reduction of hazard in distillation columns by the limitation of inventory has been discussed above. A distillation column has a large input of heat at the reboiler and a large output at the condenser. If cooling at the condenser is lost, the column may suffer overpressure. It is necessary to protect against this by higher pressure design, relief valves, or HIPS. On the other hand, loss of steam at the reboiler can cause underpressure in the column. On columns operating at or near atmospheric pressure, full vacuum design, vacuum breakers, or inert gas injection is needed for protection. Deposition of flammable materials on packing surfaces has led to many fires on opening of distillation column for maintenance.

Another hazard is overpressure due to heat radiation from fire. Again pressure relief devices are required to provide protection.

The protection of distillation columns is one of the topics treated in detail in codes for pressure relief such as APIRP 521. Likewise, it is one of the principal applications of trip systems.

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2 years ago

What is the answers?

ra1l [238]

the numbers are going to be small so like a power but its at the bottom

NH3, H2O2, NHO2

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3 years ago

Be sure to answer all parts. Styrene is produced by catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene at high temperature in the presenc

svlad2 [7]

Answer:

a) ΔHºrxn = 116.3 kJ, ΔGºrxn = 82.8 kJ, ΔSºrxn = 0.113 kJ/K

b) At 753.55 ºC or higher

c )ΔG = 1.8 x 10⁴ J

K = 8.2 x 10⁻²

Explanation:

a) C6H5−CH2CH3 ⇒ C6H5−CH=CH2 + H₂

ΔHf kJ/mol -12.5 103.8 0

ΔGºf kJ/K 119.7 202.5 0

Sº J/mol 255 238 130.6*

Note: This value was not given in our question, but is necessary and can be found in standard handbooks.

Using Hess law to calculate ΔHºrxn we have

ΔHºrxn = ΔHfº C6H5−CH=CH2 + ΔHfº H₂ - ΔHºfC6H5−CH2CH3

ΔHºrxn = 103.8 kJ + 0 kJ - (-12.5 kJ)

ΔHºrxn = 116.3 kJ

Similarly,

ΔGrxn = ΔGºf C6H5−CH=CH2 + ΔGºfH₂ - ΔGºfC6H5CH2CH3

ΔGºrxn= 202.5 kJ + 0 kJ - 119.7 kJ = 82.8 kJ

ΔSºrxn = 238 J/mol + 130.6 J/mol -255 J/K = 113.6 J/K = 0.113 kJ/K

b) The temperature at which the reaction is spontaneous or feasible occurs when ΔG becomes negative and using

ΔGrxn = ΔHrxn -TΔS

we see that will happen when the term TΔS becomes greater than ΔHrxn since ΔS is positive , and so to sollve for T we will make ΔGrxn equal to zero and solve for T. Notice here we will make the assumption that ΔºHrxn and ΔSºrxn remain constant at the higher temperature and will equal the values previously calculated for them. Although this assumption is not entirely correct, it can be used.

0 = 116 kJ -T (0.113 kJ/K)

T = 1026.5 K = (1026.55 - 273 ) ºC = 753.55 ºC

c) Again we will use

ΔGrxn = ΔHrxn -TΔS

to calculate ΔGrxn with the assumption that ΔHº and ΔSºremain constant.

ΔG = 116.3 kJ - (600+273 K) x 0.113 kJ/K = 116.3 kJ - 873 K x 0.113 kJ/K

ΔG = 116.3 kJ - 98.6 kJ = 17.65 kJ = 1.8 x 10⁴ J ( Note the kJ are converted to J to necessary for the next part of the problem )

Now for solving for K, the equation to use is

ΔG = -RTlnK and solve for K

- ΔG / RT = lnK ∴ K = exp (- ΔG / RT)

K = exp ( - 1.8 x 10⁴ J /( 8.314 J/K x 873 K)) = 8.2 x 10⁻²

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3 years ago

What will the charge oxidiation state be for boron

artcher [175]

So, compounds of boron contain boron in a positive oxidation state, generally +3. The sum of oxidation numbers of all constituent atoms of a given molecule or ion is equal to zero or the charge of the ion, respectively. ... In most of the stable compounds of boron, its oxidation number is +3

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3 years ago

An object has a total mechanical energy of 150 J. At point A, the object has a kinetic energy

nika2105 [10]

Answer:

60 J

Explanation:

The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed, just converted into different forms. This means the total mechanical energy of the object at point A will be the same as the total mechanical energy at point B, and the question tells us the total of that mechanical energy is 150 J. Note we are assuming no energy is lost from the system as heat.

At point B, if the potential energy is 90 J, the remainder of the 150 J total must be kinetic energy. KE = 150 J - 90 J = 60 J.

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3 years ago