Answer:
d. Hemoglobin helps maintain a constant pH in the blood by binding with H⁺ions released from bicarbonate ions.
Explanation:
The presence (CO₂) in in the erythrocytes lowers its pH as a result the affinity of hemoglobin decreases for oxygen. The carbon dioxide (CO₂) reacts with water to form carbonic acid in the presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase which is present in the erythrocytes or red blood cells. The carbonic acid then changes into two ions hydrogen ion (H⁺) and bicarbonate ion (HCO₃⁻). As a result of H⁺ ions, the pH of blood drops. Haemoglobin pick up hydrogen ions to balance the decrease in pH. Thus, haemoglobin helps in maintaining constant pH or keep pH of blood in buffer.
Answer:
<em>B and C.</em>
Explanation:
The epidemiological triangle is an illustration of interaction among suitable hosts, disease agents, and the environment that drives successful outbreak of diseases.
In order to successfully tackle or reduce the incidence of a disease, the triangle has to be broken.
<em>In the case of malaria which is caused by plasmodium but spread through the female anopheles mosquito, one way of breaking the epidemiological triangle is to eliminate female anopheles mosquito in the environment using any possible means. This will stop the spread of the parasite and hence, the disease.</em>
<em>Another way to reduce/prevent malaria is to prevent the vector, female anopheles mosquito from getting to the host, the human populace. This can also be achieved by several possible means.</em>
Relocating the entire village to a neighbouring village might not break the epidemiological triangle as long as female anopheles mosquito still abounds. In the same vein, antibacterial drugs will not help to treat malaria. However, instructing residents on personal protective measures and controlling the vector through chemical larvicides will go a long way in breaking the triangle and reducing the incidence on the malaria disease.
<em>The correct options is B and C.</em>
Answer:
True
Explanation:
A general misconception is that insulin is only involved in energy and fat metabolism. When energy needs are high, insulin transports sugar from the blood into the muscle where it can be converted into energy. When energy needs are low, insulin facilitates the conversion of excess sugar into fat where it can be stored for future use.
What is often overlooked is the powerful effect of insulin on stimulating muscle protein growth and repair. An essential action of insulin is to increase the transport into muscle of amino acids, the building blocks of protein, where they can be used for rebuilding and repair. Insulin’s anabolic effects do not end there. Insulin also plays an important role in turning on one of the metabolic switches that control protein synthesis.
This action explains why combinations of carbohydrate and protein are far more effective in stimulating protein synthesis than protein alone. Two switches are responsible for turning on protein synthesis. One is activated by protein, specifically amino acid levels in the blood, and the second by insulin. Consuming carbohydrate (which raises insulin levels) and protein in your recovery drink gives you a dual benefit. In fact, research has shown that a carbohydrate protein drink is 38% more effective than a protein drink in stimulating muscle protein synthesis post exercise.
Another important effect of insulin is inhibition of protein breakdown. At any given time, muscle protein is in a state of flux – it is being synthesized and broken down. When more protein is synthesized than broken down, you have a net gain in lean body mass. After exercise, protein degradation is higher, primarily because during extended endurance activity up to 20% of the working muscle’s energy is derived from protein. That’s why consuming protein in your sports drink offers significant advantages. It reduces the amount of muscle protein used for energy. Higher breakdown rates of protein after exercise increases muscle soreness and slows the overall recovery process. By inhibiting protein breakdown, insulin mediates a faster recovery.
The bottom line – by taking advantage of how and when insulin works and how nutrition can affect insulin activity, endurance athletes can optimize muscle recovery and achieve significant improvements in endurance performance.
Answer :B. By changing the shape of the enzyme's active site.
check the attachment
Explanation: This is a type of inhibition , in which a molecule binds to another part of the enzyme instead of the active site.
On binding, it disrupts the normal hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions holding the enzyme molecule in its three dimensional shape, therefore distorting the conformation and ACTIVE SITE of the enzyme (changed it shape).
Since the active site is the precise location enzyme must bind with substrates for enzymatic reactions,this makes the enzyme not fit for binding with the substrate, therefore the efficiency is reduced. No substrate-enzyme complex, and hence no substrate-product complex for the release of products, this brings down the turnover rate and eventually
<u>the rate of reaction of the enzyme</u>
Thus, the enzyme function is totally blocked, even in high concentration of the substrate,
The answer is letter A. In most organisms cellular respiration usually involves oxygen to produce the most energy. Except in the process of fermentation, where the cells are deprived with oxygen causing it to form bacteria and other forms of organisms within the fermented sample.
