Individuals usually have five ways in financing healthcare, depending on which country or state you live in.
The first model is Siemaszko's model wherein all healthcare expenses are financed by the government the individual is residing in.
The second model is Beverdige's model wherein most healthcare expenses are shouldered by the government, usually through the people's taxes. In this model, the individual partially shoulders his or her expenses through his or her taxes.
The third model is Bismarck's model wherein obligatory contributions from employers/employees of a public or a private company are made (separate from taxes) specifically for healthcare. This is more commonly termed as government health insurance.
The fourth model is the residual model or the private insurance model wherein people have a choice to get a private health insurance (not mandated or obligatory, in contrast to Bismarck's model). The individual finances this voluntarily or through his or her employer contributions.
Lastly, the fifth model is the out-of-pocket model wherein the individual pays directly to the healthcare provider. In contrast to Siemaszko's model, this model is all shouldered by the individual with no contributions from the government.
<em>You can look at these healthcare financing models from the first one being handled everything by the government and the next one being handles less by the government and more of the individual and the last one is handled everything by the individual. </em>
Anna should have an amniocentesis, also called amniotic fluid test or (AFT). This will show if there are any infection, genetic disorders or chromosome abnormalities.
Explanation:
Psychological is the correct answer!
Answer:
Three different ways in which antiretroviral drugs can prevent the formation of new viruses are:
- Inhibiting the reverse transcriptase enzyme in both nucleoside analogues and non-nucleoside analogues.
- Enzymatic inhibition of integrase enzymes.
- Inhibiting entry by antagonizing CCR5 co-receptors.
Explanation:
Antiretroviral drugs are those used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, making the effect of the virus on the host cell is less and preventing the development of AIDS.
This type of drug has been classified, according to their mechanism of action, being grouped into several families of drugs. Three different ways by which antiretroviral drugs can prevent the formation of virus are:
- <em><u>Inhibition of reverse transcriptase enzyme</u></em><em>: this enzyme is a DNA polymerase capable of forming single strand viral RNA by a process that is reverse to normal DNA to RNA transcription. Its inhibition prevents the formation of viral particles in the host cell. They are divided into nucleoside analogs and non-nucleoside analogs.</em>
- <em><u>Enzymatic Inhibition of Integrase enzymes</u></em><em>: this type of enzyme is contained in the virus, and is capable of causing a retrotranscribed DNA to integrate into the host cell's DNA so that viral replication occurs. Its inhibition prevents the replication process.</em>
- <em><u>Entry inhibitors or antagonists CCR5 co-receptors</u></em><em>: CCr5 is a membrane protein, found on the surface of CD4 T lymphocytes, which facilitates the entry of the virus into the cell. The drug acts as a competitive inhibitor of the viral particle, preventing the entry and infection of the host cell.</em>
The most effective treatments against HIV infection involve the use of two or more types of antiretroviral drugs.
