Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a cellular correlate of learning and memory. The presence of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels near excitatory synapses on dendritic spines suggests their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity. However, whether activity-dependent regulation of channels affects excitatory synaptic plasticity is unknown. In a companion article we have reported activity-dependent regulation of GIRK channel density in cultured hippocampal neurons that requires activity oF receptors (NMDAR) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and takes place within 15 min. In this study, we performed whole-cell recordings of cultured hippocampal neurons and found that NMDAR activation increases basal GIRK current and GIRK channel activation mediated by adenosine A(1) receptors, but not GABA(B) receptors. Given the similar involvement of NMDARs, adenosine receptors, and PP1 in depotentiation of LTP caused by low-frequency stimulation that immediately follows LTP-inducing high-frequency stimulation, we wondered whether NMDAR-induced increase in GIRK channel surface density and current may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying this specific depotentiation. Remarkably, GIRK2 null mutation or GIRK channel blockade abolishes depotentiation of LTP, demonstrating that GIRK channels are critical for depotentiation, one form of excitatory synaptic plasticity.
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Environmental change has to do with any kind of alteration that occurs in the natural environment.
<h3>What is environmental change?</h3>
The term environmental change has to do with any kind of alteration that occurs in the natural environment. These changes may be caused by a lot of factors and they may lead to changes in the kind organism that are found in the habitat.
Thus, the types of environmental changes demonstrated are;
African elephants have been hunted to near extension to obtain ivory - Human exploitation
The eruption of Mount Saint Helens destroyed some populations of conifers - Natural disaster
An infection with fungus reduced the population of the North Africa elm trees - Diseases
Increasing global temperatures have affected the migration patterns of humpback whales - Climate change
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Background extinction refers to the normal extinction rate. These are species that go extinct simply because not all life can be sustained on Earth and some species simply cannot survive. Mass extinction is a widespread event that wipes out the majority (over 50%) of living plants and animals.
<span>Everyone’s DNA are different because they are different
people. One part of DNA are your genes. The genes are what you look like, hair
color, eye color, everything that you can
get from your parents. Even if you have a twin, it’s not necessary that you two
would have the same genes. For example, one could have green eyes and the other
could have brown eyes.
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<span>Good luck and hope I helped. :)</span>
<span>Follow if you want.</span>
Important facts about cities or towns are their healthcare and the sanitation within that certain area.
