<span>Fungal diseases are difficult to treat mainly because they are eukaryotic organisms just like us humans, and therefore have less differences for drugs to target without harming the human body as well. Most antibiotics target e.g. the peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial (a prokaryote) cell wall, which is a safe target since eukaryotic cells do not have equivalent structures. Similarly many differences in metabolic pathways between humans and prokaryotes is often targeted by antibiotics, but metabolism of fungi and humans is much more uniform, and hence it is difficult to exclusively target the fungi only.
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The lac repressor protein binds to the operator when it is active. The lac repressor is a protein or a DNA-bounding protein as it is called. The lac repressor also involves the lactose metabolism and it is also responsible for the transcription of three lac genes.
Answer:
NAD+, FAD.
Explanation:
The citric acid cycle is popularly known as the Kreb's cycle. The cycle involve the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to produce energy. The Kreb's cycle is a chemical process that produces produces two carbon dioxide molecules,NADH,FADH2 and one ATP.
When oxygen is depleted, the citric acid cycle stops, apart from oxygen NAD+ and FAD could be added to the system to restore citric acid cycle activity. NAD+ acts as an electron acceptor.
Citric acid cycle/Kreb's cycle is an aerobic process that occurs in the mitochondria and produces thirty-six(36) ATPs.
