The hormone vasopressin stimulates the kidneys to retain water.
Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and acts on the nephron tubules which increase the reabsorption of water, thus decreasing water content in urine while increasing that of blood.
The increase in water concentration in the blood elevates blood pressure as well as blood volume which makes the urine concentrated.
It regulates the tonicity of body fluids and therefore, in response to hypertonicity stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb solute-free water and return it to the circulation from the tubules of the nephron, thus restoring the tonicity of the body fluids toward normal.
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The answer is; Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) Ions
These cations are pumped out of the cell by Na+-K+ transmembrane protein pumps leaving the inside of the cell electronegative in relation to the extracellular matrix. This membrane potential is significant especially for neurons. Depolarization of the membrane enables transmissions of an impulse along the neurons.
The keystone species is the one at the bottom of the pyramid, if we look at it like a pyramid. If the grass dies, then the deer cannot get food and die, and the predator cannot eat and dies, and the whole ecosystem can fall apart.
