Challenge question: This question is worth 6 points. As you saw in problem 9 we can have species bound to a central metal ion. T
hese species are called ligands. In the past we have assumed all the d orbitals in some species are degenerate; however, they often are not. Sometimes the ligands bound to a central metal cation can split the d orbitals. That is, some of the d orbitals will be at a lower energy state than others. Ligands that have the ability to cause this splitting are called strong field ligands, CN- is an example of these. If this splitting in the d orbitals is great enough electrons will fill low lying orbitals, pairing with other electrons in a given orbital, before filling higher energy orbitals. In question 7 we had Fe2+, furthermore we found that there were a certain number (non-zero) of unpaired electrons. Consider now Fe(CN)64-: here we also have Fe2+, but in this case all the electrons are paired, yielding a diamagnetic species. How can you explain this? A. There are 3 low lying d orbitals, which will be filled with 6 electrons before filling the 2, assumed to be degenerate, higher energy orbitals.
B. There are 4 low lying d orbitals, which will be filled with 8 electrons before filling the 1 higher energy orbital.
C. There is 1 low lying d orbital, which will be filled with two electrons before filling the 4, assumed to be degenerate, higher energy orbitals.
D. All the d orbitals are degenerate.
E. There are 2 low lying d orbitals, which will be filled with 4 electrons before filling the 3, assumed to be degenerate, higher energy orbitals.
Iron has the ground state electronic configuration [Ar]3d64s2
Fe2+ has the electronic configuration [Ar]3d6.
In an octahedral crystal field, there are two sets of degenerate orbitals; the lower lying three t2g orbitals, and the higher level two degenerate eg orbitals. Strong field ligands cause high octahedral crystal field splitting, there by separating the two sets of degenerate orbitals by a tremendous amount of energy. This energy is much greater than the pairing energy required to pair the six electrons in three degenerate orbitals. Since CN- is a strong field ligand, it leads to pairing of six electrons in three degenerate orbitals
Photosynthesis is the process where plants create energy. It requires water, carbon dioxide and sunlight. The end result is glucose, which the plants consume, and oxygen. Cellular respiration requires oxygen and glucose. The end result is carbon dioxide, ATP, and water.
