The dots in these cylinders represent the shape and

Direct electron transfer from a singlet reduced species to a triplet oxidizing species is quantum-mechanically forbidden

posledela

Direct electron transfer from a a singlet reduced species to a triplet oxidizing species is quantum-mechanically forbidden.

<h3>Transfer from singlet to triplet:</h3>

Either an excited singlet state or an excited triplet state will occur when an electron in a molecule with a singlet ground state is stimulated (through radiation absorption) to a higher energy level.
All electron spins in a molecule electronic state known as a singlet are coupled.
In other words, the ground state electron and the stimulated electron's spin are still coupled (a pair of electrons in the same energy level must have opposite spins, per the Pauli exclusion principle).
The excited electron and ground state electron are parallel in a triplet state because they are no longer coupled (same spin).
It is less likely that a triplet state would arise when the molecule absorbs radiation since excitation to a triplet state necessitates an additional "forbidden" spin transfer.

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8 0

2 years ago

Engineers are developing a process to produce phosphorus pentachloride.

Alchen [17]

Answer:

Options B and C are the two criteria that are most essential

Explanation:

When trying to develop a novel process, it is important that the new process involves the use of equipment that can be operated safely by workers so as to prevent death or injury in the cause of handling this equipment. If this equipment is seen not to be safe or cannot be handled safely by workers, it can/will force workers to previous or alternative methods that require more safe equipment.

Also, the process must be able to maximize the most of the reactants, i.e the process must be able to convert a good percentage of the reactants into the desired product (phosphorus pentachloride) since that is the focus. This will also lead to reduction of byproducts produced which could be useful or otherwise (a loss).

7 0

2 years ago

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Sodium carbonate can be made by heating sodium bicarbonate: 2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g) At 25°C, for this reaction,

insens350 [35]

Answer:

401.17 K is the minimum temperature at which the reaction will become spontaneous under standard state conditions.

Explanation:

The expression for the standard change in free energy is:

$\Delta G=\Delta H-T\times \Delta S$

Where,

$\Delta G$ is the change in the Gibbs free energy.

T is the absolute temperature. (T in kelvins)

$\Delta H$ is the enthalpy change of the reaction.

$\Delta S$ is the change in entropy.

Given at:-

Temperature = 25.0 °C

The conversion of T( °C) to T(K) is shown below:

T(K) = T( °C) + 273.15

So,

T₁ = (25.0 + 273.15) K = 298.15 K

$\Delta H$ = 128.9 kJ/mol

$\Delta G$ = 33.1 kJ/mol

Applying in the above equation, we get as:-

$33.1=128.9-298.15\times \Delta S$

$-29815\Delta S=-9580$

$\Delta S=-9580$ = 0.32131 kJ/Kmol

So, For reaction to be spontaneous, $\Delta G$

Thus, For minimum temperature:-

$\Delta H-T\times \Delta S=0$

$128.9-T\times 0.32131=0$

$T=\frac{128.9}{0.32131}=401.17\ K$

Hence, 401.17 K is the minimum temperature at which the reaction will become spontaneous under standard state conditions.

6 0

3 years ago

Which of the following is the requirement for the intramolecular Sn2 reaction (intramolecular William Ether Synthesis) to occur

balandron [24]

Answer:

D. Anti-periplanar

Explanation:

In the second step of the intramolecular William Ether Synthesis mechanism (figure 1) we will have the attack of the negative charge of the oxygen to the carbon bond to the Br. At the same time the Br leaves, so a bond would be broken (the C-Br bond) and a bond would be formed (the C-O bond).

Now, this process can happen only if the attack and the leaving group has an anti configuration (figure 2). In an anti configuration the nucleophile and the leaving group would have opposite directions.

4 0

3 years ago

What smallest particles make up matter

jeka94

Atoms... and here's an atom joke to maybe make you laugh a little...

Why can't you trust atoms?

- Because they make up everything!!!

4 0

3 years ago

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