I think C the answer would be C
Answer:
This is the banking of red cell units from the patient before planned surgery.
PAD was stimulated by concerns about viral transmission by donor blood, especially during the HIV epidemic of the early 1980s. With a red cell storage-life of 35 days at 4°C, most healthy adult patients can donate up to three red cell units before elective surgery. Patients may be given iron supplements, sometimes with erythropoietin, to prevent anaemia or allow more donations to be collected. The Blood Safety and Quality Regulations (BSQR, 2005) require that donations for PAD must be performed in a licensed blood establishment, rather than a routine hospital setting. The donations must be processed and tested in the same way as donor blood and are subject to the same requirements for traceability.
Given the current remote risk of viral transfusion-transmitted infection by donor blood in developed countries, the rationale, safety and cost-effectiveness of routine PAD has been severely questioned (see 2007 British Committee for Standards in Haematology (BCSH) Guidelines for Policies on Alternatives to Allogeneic Blood Transfusion. 1. Predeposit Autologous Blood Donation and Transfusion – https://b-s-h.org.uk) and the procedure is now rarely performed in the UK. Although PAD may reduce exposure to donor blood, it does not reduce overall exposure to transfusion procedures or protect against wrong blood into patient episodes due to identification errors at collection from the blood bank or at the bedside. Indeed, the availability of autologous blood may increase the risk of unnecessary transfusion. Most Jehovah’s Witnesses will decline PAD (see Chapter 12). Clinical trials of PAD are mainly small and of low quality and do not provide strong evidence that the risks outweigh the benefits. The BCSH guideline on PAD only recommends its use in ‘exceptional circumstances’, and lists the following indications for PAD:
Patients with rare blood groups or multiple blood group antibodies where compatible allogeneic (donor) blood is difficult to obtain.
Patients at serious psychiatric risk because of anxiety about exposure to donor blood.
Patients who refuse to consent to donor blood transfusion but will accept PAD.
Children undergoing scoliosis surgery (in practice, most specialist units now use other blood conservation measures).
PAD should only be considered in surgery with a significant likelihood of requiring transfusion, operation dates must be guaranteed and the patient’s ability to donate safely must be assessed by a ‘competent clinician’, usually a transfusion medicine specialist. Adverse events and reactions associated with PAD (or other autologous transfusion systems) should be reported to the Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) haemovigilance scheme and the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
Answer:
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Most patients will likely benefit from dosages of 2 to 10 mg per day, according to common consensus. 10 mg of warfarin per day is not an excessively high dose, nor is it an uncomfortable amount for those whose diets are high in vitamin K, such as vegetarians, despite the fact that it is higher than usual.
<h3>What is Artrial fibrillation ?</h3>
In atrial fibrillation, the heart's upper chambers, the atria, quiver irregularly rather than efficiently pumping blood into the ventricles. A blood clot fragment that breaks off, travels through the system, and lodges in a brain artery is what causes a stroke.
- The two top chambers of your heart, the atria, contract fast and outward, which is the main cause of AFib.
- If you experience any unusual bleeding or bruises, black, tarry stools, blood in the urine or stools, or little red spots on your skin, speak with your doctor immediately once. Do not pick your nose. Blow your nose gently if you feel the urge to. Use a standard toothbrush, dental floss, or toothpick with caution.
Learn more about Atrial fibrillation here:
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