Chlorine has 7 electrons in its outermost orbit .it accepts one electron and gets the stable configuration of argon gas.. sodium has 1 electron in its outermost shell ,it looses that electron and acquires the stable configuration of neon gas(inert gas )
Increasing substrate concentration also increases the rate of reaction to a certain point. Once all of the enzymes have bound, any substrate increase will have no effect on the rate of reaction, as the available enzymes will be saturated and working at their maximum rate.