Answer:The hypothesis that eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiotic association of prokaryotes—endosymbiosis—is particularly well supported by studies of mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are thought to have evolved from bacteria living in large cells.
Explanation:
Answer:
pollution is the introduction of harmfull material in the invironment called pollution
Explanation:
D. E: photosynthesis; D: cellular respiration
Photosynthesis is a chemical pathway that’s integral to producing energy in plants and other primary producers. Energy in the form of molecules of glucose is produced from light, water and carbon dioxide while oxygen is released. This occurs in several complex steps, photosynthesis is a rate limited reaction, depends on several factors including carbon dioxide concentration, ambient temperature and light intensity; the energy is retrieved from photons, I.e. particles of light, and water is used as a reducing agent.
In the light reactions, occuring within the thykaloid, and stroma of the chloroplasts, water supplies the pigment chlorophyll with replacement electrons for the ones removed from photosystem II. Additionally, water (H2O) split by light during photolysis into H+ and OH- acts as a source of oxygen along with functioning as a reducing agent; it reduces the molecule NADP to NADPH by providing H+ ions. NADP and NADPH are integral to the dark reactions, or Calvin cycle where monosaccharides or sugars like glucose are produced after the modification of several molecules.
Respiration in the mitochondria utilizes oxygen for the production of ATP in the Krebs’s cycle via the oxidization of pyruvate (through the process of glycoysis). The electron transport chain, in which oxygen functions as the terminal electron acceptor, occurs in both plants and animals. Respiration includes:
- Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm 2 molecules of ATP are used to cleave glucose into 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP and 2 electron carrying NADH molecules.
- The Kreb's cycle: in the mitochondrial matrix- 6 molecules of CO2 are produced by combining oxygen and the carbon within pyruvate, 2 ATP oxygen molecules, 8 NADH and 2 FADH2.
- The electron transport chain, ETC: in the inner mitochondrial membrane, 34 ATP, electrons combine with H+ split from 10 NADH, 4 FADH2, renewing the number of electron acceptors and 3 oxygen; this forms 6 H2O, 10 NAD+, 4 FAD.
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Answer:
Water vapor is a greenhouse gas, which absorbs the heat radiated from the earth's surface. It allows less heat to escape back to space by trapping the heat energy in the lower atmosphere and keeps the atmosphere warm.
Explanation:
Water vapor is formed through a process called evaporation. In this process, water from the ocean, rivers, and lakes evaporates to become water vapor using the energy from the sun. Water vapor also moves into the atmosphere by transpiration (plants) and sublimation (snow and ice).
The water vapor cools down and transforms into water droplets by a process called condensation, as it rises high in the atmosphere where the air is cooler. This water droplets that formed by condensation make up clouds.
When the earth’s surface get heated by the sunlight, some of the heat radiates back into the atmosphere and most of this heat is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere called green house gases. This process is called greenhouse effect, which keeps the earth warm. The green house gases mainly consists of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Water vapor absorbs the heat radiated from the earth's surface. It allows less heat to escape back to space by trapping the heat energy in the lower atmosphere and keeps the atmosphere warm.
The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is directly proportional to the temperature. When addition of the other greenhouse gases causes a temperature increase (such as extra CO2 from fossil fuels), more water evaporates and this leads to an increase in water vapor which further increases the atmospheric temperature since water vapor is a greenhouse gas. So, water vapor is part of a positive feedback system.
Answer:
A. Repeats of "Alanine-Arginine"
B. Repeats of "Tyrosine-Isoleucine"
C. Repeats of Aspartic acid
Explanation:
A. The synthetic RNA with GC repeats would have repeats to two codons: GCG and CGC which in turn code for alanine and arginine amino acids respectively. Hence, its polypeptide would have repeats of "Alanine-Arginine"
RNA: GCG CGC GCG CGC GCG CGC
Alanine-Arginine-Alanine-Arginine-Alanine-Arginine-Alanine-Arginine
...
B. The synthetic RNA with UA repeats would have repeats to two codons: UAU and AUA which in turn code for tyrosine and Isoleucine amino acids respectively. Hence, its polypeptide would have repeats of "Tyrosine-Isoleucine"
RNA: UAU AUA UAU AUA UAU AUA
Tyrosine-Isoleucine-Tyrosine-Isoleucine-Tyrosine-Isoleucine-Tyrosine-Isoleucine
C. The synthetic RNA with GAC repeats would code for polypeptide of aspartic acid only as GAC codes for aspartic acid.
RNA: GAC GAC GAC GAC GAC GAC
Aspartic acid-Aspartic acid-Aspartic acid-Aspartic acid-Aspartic acid-Aspartic acid
