Variable costs are the costs that change in total each time an additional unit is produced or sold. With a variable cost, the per unit cost stays the same, but the more units produced or sold, the higher the total cost. ... Although total fixed costs are constant, the fixed cost per unit changes with the number of units.
Internal economies of scale lead to imperfectly competitive industries because large firms have cost advantages over small firms, so the correct answer is B.
Economy of scale is the economic advantage that is realized by operating on a larger scale. In general, the average cost per unit of output decreases with increasing scale because fixed costs are spread over more units of output. Operational efficiency is also often greater with increasing scale, which in turn leads to lower variable costs.
When an industry is characterized by economies of scale, it can lead to a monopoly or oligopoly. Only large companies can then produce economically, which means that the barriers to entry for new market players are high.
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AS natural monopoly could be like emeralds from Colombia say or softwood from British Columbia, Canada whereby there are few competitors that have the product. The government may want to regulate the price of such goods such that it can't be accused of flooding the market on the world market (ie not too low a price) and this could be regulated by trade agreements like NAFTA or may limit the upper price limit to allow more purchasers to buy the product. Personally it is felt that so-called 'free-trade' agreements interfere far too much in the economies of member countries especially junior partners as they encourage the influx of cheap goods from other countries, thus putting out of business or lowering standards for good production within the country and also violating the laws of the country by provisions which overrule the laws normally used to protect goods from the country like import duties for example.
Answer:
A. can be either positive or negative, depending on the statistical discrepancy.
Explanation:
The balance of payments is a tool in international trade that demonstrates the financial transaction made by a particular country with foreign countries. It i most often includes export, import and transfer payments.
Theoretically, it should be zero as a country's assets should equal the liabilities. However, in practice, that is not always the case, as the country's debits and credits can create a discrepancy in the balance of payments, which creates a<em> surplus </em>or <em>deficit</em>.
Answer:
$50
Explanation:
The computation of the stock price level is shown below:
Maintenance margin = Number of shares purchased × price - loan amount ÷ Number of shares purchased × price
30% = 100 shares × price - $3,500 ÷ 100 shares × price
30% × 100 shares × price = 100 shares × price - $3,500
30 × price = 100 shares × price - $3,500
After solving this, the price would be $50
And, the loan amount equal to
= Number of shares purchased × per share price × initial margin
= 100 shares × $70 × 50%
= $3,500