In a surface wave (like water) the water goes up and down, but the wave travels across (parallel to) the surface.
The answer is: Heat can<span> be </span>transmitted<span> though </span>empty space<span> by thermal radiation. Thermal radiation (often called infrared radiation) is a type electromagnetic radiation (or light). Radiation is a form of energy transport consisting of electromagnetic waves traveling at the speed of light.</span>
Answer:

Explanation:
The strength of the electric field produced by a charge Q is given by

where
Q is the charge
r is the distance from the charge
k is the Coulomb's constant
In this problem, the electric field that can be detected by the fish is

and the fish can detect the electric field at a distance of

Substituting these numbers into the equation and solving for Q, we find the amount of charge needed:

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