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Valentin [98]
3 years ago
14

explain how the bonding properties of carbon atoms result in the large variety of carbon-based molecules in living things

Biology
1 answer:
GaryK [48]3 years ago
4 0
Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons. That allows them to make 4 covalent bonds. That means they can make really big molecules. All the organic molecules have Carbon in them.
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3 years ago
At the molecular level, gene duplication often produces novelty in a lineage. This process provides another evolutionary pathway
alukav5142 [94]

Answer:

Bridgham et al. (2006) showed that the interaction between a steroid hormone (aldosterone-M) and its receptor (mineralocorticoid) evolved by Darwinian gradualism. In this work, the authors demonstrated  a primitive affinity between the hormone and its receptor that was initially present in chemically similar but more ancient ligands. This result has implications in understanding the association between gene duplication and the evolution of hormone signaling pathways. For example, in invertebrates, this work reinforces the importance of gene duplication in the existing interaction between paralogous glucocorticoid receptors and their receptor mineralocorticoid genes that were derived from duplication (Thornton 2001).

The publications above cited are the following:

J.T. Bridgham, S.M. Carroll, and J.W. Thornton (2006). Evolution of hormone-receptor complexity by molecular exploitation. Science, 312(5770), 97-101.

JW Thornton. Evolution of vertebrate steroid receptors from an ancestral estrogen receptor by ligand exploitation and serial genome expansions, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (PNAS), 2001, vol. 98 10 (pg. 5671-5676).

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Hope that was  helpful.Thank you!

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