Answer:
The expectation of a specific reinforcer
Explanation:
In the case of these monkeys, because they had developed an expectation of a specific reinforcer (banana), a switch to lettuce from banana could not go unnoticed, but instead, the switch came as a surprise to the monkeys and led to their frustration. During the training of the monkeys, the monkeys must have developed a strong expectation as it regards the reinforcer that would be presented, but the switch in the reinforcer altered the behavior of the monkeys which led to them refusing the lettuce. If it were in the case of a stimulus-response association, the switch might have not been noticed by the monkeys.
Answer: Wendy did not use random assignment
Explanation: Wendy's failure to randomly assign participants or subject to his research will pose a threat to the internal validity of his study. The internal validity of a study simply refers to the structure of an experiment and it's trustworthiness in establishing causal relationship between the applied treatment used a study and the observed outcome. Wendy's decision to ignore random assignment and opt for a manual assignment of subject to each treatment will pose a threat to the structure of his study and hence the establishment of a causal relationship between the treatment t and outcome of the study.
A longitudinal study that followed 1200 older adults in their transition from independent living to age-restricted housing in 1995 found that those older adults who transitioned to more expensive communities fared THE BEST with regard to physical health and overall life satisfaction and those who transitioned to government subsidized housing programs fared THE WORSE.
Explanation:
More expensive age restricted communities offer services that can enhance quality of life for the elderly. They are cared for by professionals, their every needs are met, they can have a thriving social life, they are protected, they are independent and they can enjoy their lives while being in a safe environment. Therefore they fare the best.
Government subsidized housing programs for the elderly do not offer anywhere near the quality of care and services as the expensive ones. There is little money and resources put into these programs and the level of care is far less making the quality of life for the residents poorer. Therefore they fare the worse.