The large number of areas covered by the chemical energetics can be explained by the different forms in which chemical energy can be released: heat and combustion work, electrical energy in electrochemistry, radiant energy in chemiluminescent systems.
The chemical energy provided by a reaction reflects the energy balance associated with the electronic modifications suffered by the species involved.
From an energy point of view, a chemical reaction between molecules can be schematized in two stages. The first requires a supply of energy and corresponds to the rupture of the bonds of the reactant molecules with release of the atoms which constitute them.
The second releases energy and concerns the creation, by recombination of these atoms, of new bonds entering the structure of the reaction molecules.
As a general rule, the energy released in the second stage is greater than the first. We are talking about exothermic reaction. The difference between these two energies (reaction enthalpy) measures the amount of chemical energy transferred to the external environment.
It is conceivable that this quantity translates, not only the number, but also the strength of the connections involved.
The sodium and potassium ions are transported using a sodium potassium pump the process of moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane.
The body wall<span> of a star fish is made up of a thin cuticle, an epidermis with a single layer of cells, a thick dermis composed of connective tissue and a thin coelomic myoepithelial layer, which allows the longitudinal and circular musculature.</span>
Answer: C
Explanation: the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry
The correct answer is - physically dettering herbivory, protection from frost, and minimizing evaporation.
The plants have developed multiple traits that help them in multiple different circumstances, and some of those traits are the thorns and the hairs on their steams and leaves.
The thorns primarily serve for protection of the plant. They are very sharp and give a painful sting (occasionally poisonous one), so they are a physical protection from the herbivores that would try to eat parts of the plants.
The hairs have multiple functions. They are like a coat that helps the plant to not be affected by frost, help to stop the evaporation, and also partially manage to stop most of the insects that feed on plants.
