Question

Gene expression in eukaryotes can be regulated at many different levels. List the different levels of regulation, and explain what each means.

Answer 1

Answer:

Transcription, mRNA (processing, transport, localization and stability), translation.

Explanation:

• Transcription is regulated in two levels, though chromatin regulation (methylation and acetylation) to loose or increase histone's affinity to DNA and through cis and trans elements such as promoters, enhancers, and silencers (cis) to active/deactivate and RNA polymerase and transcription factors and co-factors (trans).
• mRNA can be regulated using poly-A tails or 5'-caps to shorten or give them more time before they degrade, it could also be spliced to eliminate introns.
• In the translation stage, the regulation occurs during the initiation through a scanning procedure that ensures the 40s ribosomal subunit bind correctly to the untranslated portion of RNA

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