Answer:
a. mast cell stabilizers and methylprednisolone
Answer:
The white blood cells i.e. granulocytes and macrophages are specifically stimulated by GM-CSF in response to chemotherapy in cancer patients.
Explanation:
The colony stimulating factors (CSFs) are the regulators of granulocytes and macrophages in blood. The CSFs has the potential to regenerate the white blood cells damaged during chemotherapy. Thus, CSFs mobilize the stem cells to enhance the immune process and produce hematopoietic cells such as granulocytes, macrophages in cancer patients. The CSFs resemble hormones that are specifically targeted to produce blood cells in specified regions where the quantity of those cells is low. The CSFs belong to a group of regulatory factors also known as cytokines and does not produce only a single cell type but stimulates colonies of different blood cell types for any specific organ. Hematopoietic cells produced by CSF are step-wise and formation of blast colonies take place initially. Afterwards, the blast cells regenerate and differentiated into multiple progenitor cells consisting of granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophills, erythroids, and lymphocytes. The progenitor cells in the granulocyte-macrophage lineage matures into neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages.
Out of all types of CSF colonies, the Granulocyte-Macrophage (GM-CSF) colony is specially involved in regenerating immune responses in cancer patients. These cytokines stimulates the dendritic cell formation and produces dendritic activity against the cancerous cells. These GM-CSF colonies enhance the immune response of host against melanomas, tumors by reducing their growth and inducing remission. Hence, it can be said that granulocytes and macrophages are infection protective cells and elevates dangerously low levels of white blood cells in cancer patients following chemotherapy. The GM-CSF induction regenerates the bone marrow which is damaged and improves stem cells production.
Respiratory depression
Respiratory depression is a complication of epidural anesthesia and should be closely monitored in laboring clients. A failed block, accidental intrathecal block, and a postdural headache are all side effects of a spinal epidural block
<h3>What is Epidural anesthesia ?</h3>
Epidural anesthesia is often used during labor and delivery, and surgery in the pelvis and legs. Epidural and spinal anesthesia are often used when:
- The procedure or labor is too painful without any pain medicine. The procedure is in the belly, legs, or feet
- If you choose to have an epidural, a physician anesthesiologist will insert a needle and a tiny tube, called a catheter, in the lower part of your back.
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The anterior fontanel is a diamond-shaped area where the frontal and parietal bones meet. It closes between 12 and 18 months of age. Vigorous crying may cause the fontanel to bulge, which is a normal finding. A nurse is performing an assessment on a postterm infant.
<h3>What is anterior fontanel?</h3>
- This is the junction where the 2 frontal and 2 parietal bones meet. The anterior fontanelle stays soft until about 18 months to 2 years of age. Doctors can consider if there is increased intracranial pressure by touching the anterior fontanelle.
- The fontanel can broaden in the first few months of life,18 and the median age of closure is 13.8 months. By three months of age, the anterior fontanel is secured in 1 percent of infants; by 12 months, it is closed in 38 percent; and by 24 months, it is closed in 96 percent.
- The fontanelle allows the skull to distort during birth to facilitate its passage through the birth canal and for expansion of the brain after birth. Skull at birth, showing frontal and occipital fonticuli. The anterior fontanelle normally closes between the periods of 12 and 18 months.
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