When simplified the answers results in
= -1
Answer: a)
b)
c)
d) 
Step-by-step explanation:
Since f is an exponential function.
So, it is expressed as

Here f is the present value
p is the initial value
r is the rate of growth per time period
t is the time period.
(a) b represents the 1-unit growth factor for f.

(b) c represents the n n-unit growth factor for f.

(c) d represents the m m-unit growth factor for f.

Write a formula that expresses c in terms of b.
Since
Hence, a)
b)
c)
d) 
Answer:
39
Step-by-step explanation:
you do 180 and subtract both values you already have 102 and 39. you get the answer of 39
Explanation:
Lets interpret Z with M trials. First we have M trials, each trial can be a success or not. The number of success is called N. Each trial that is a success becomes a trial, and if it is a success it becomes a success for Z. Thus, in order for a trial to be successful, it needs first to be successful for the random variable N (and it is with probability q), and given that, it should be a success among the N trials of the original definition of Z (with probability p).
This gives us that each trial has probability pq of being successful. Note that this probability is pq independently of the results of the other trials, because the results of the trials of both N and the original definition of Z are independent. This shows us that Z is the total amount of success within M independent trials of an experiment with pq probability of success in each one. Therefore, Z has Binomial distribution with parameters pq and M.