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An index fossil is used for learning the age of geological periods.
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beyond that that has be said
Embryology, the study of the development of the anatomy of an organism to its adult form, provides evidence for evolution as embryo formation in widely-divergent groups of organisms tends to be conserved. ... Another form of evidence of evolution is the convergence of form in organisms that share similar environments.
When a substance combines with another to form a new substance
In the lac operon, glucose also plays an important role along with lactose. When Lactose is present in the environment along with glucose then it cannot deactivate the regulator gene [repressor], as a result, the repressor will bind to the operator and the transcription will be blocked.
When Lactose is present in the environment without glucose then the Catabolite repressor protein will bind to the CAP Site, and lactose will bind to the repressor [regulatory gene product], as a result, the repressor gets deactivated and the transcription takes place.
Lac operon: It is a set of three structural genes z, y, and a which are all transcribed and regulated under one single promoter. The three genes code for β-galactosidase, lactose permease, and transacetylase respectively.
β-galactosidase is responsible for breaking the lactose into glucose and galactose, lactose permease is responsible for transporting lactose across the cell membrane and transacetylase attaches a particular chemical group to target molecules.
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