The difference between conductors and insulators is because
of electronic structure of atoms and molecules.
Anywhere we have free electrons, we have a hard conductor
where free electrons help in conduction.
In electrolytes, charged Ions do conduction.
Dielectrics (or insulators) don't have free electrons current.
Free electrons mean, the electrons that are not related with
a specific atom, they are allowed to move nearby the crystal lattice.
They are slowed down.
even air is a medium and will slow down waves (slightly) compared to a vacuum/ space
if the wave hits the medium at an angle it can be 'bent' (refracted) like light through a glass prism
Answer:
3.1 m/s²
Explanation:
Apply Newton's second law:
∑F = ma
40 N = (13 kg) a
a ≈ 3.1 m/s²