I have provided the steps and solution within the attachment. The pH of the solution would be 12.30, this indicates that the solution is basic, as a higher value of pH indicates presence of more hydroxide ions and less of hydrogen ions in the solution.
Experimental errors occurs in the execution of experiment design. Example of experimental errors are mistakes in data entry, systematic error, and random error caused by environmental conditions. Did you even heard about type I and type II error? Because that may be the 2 ways you are looking for.
A false positive is called a Type I error, and it is the type of error that incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis in the favor of the alternatives.
A false negative is what you called Type II error, it is the opposite of type I error and it is the false acceptance of the null hypothesis. A type II errors are not seen to be as problematic as type I error, type I error is more serious than type II error, because you have wrongly rejected the null hypothesis.
Answer:
Explanation:
Since we are not given the mole fraction of ethanol and water; we will solve this theoretically.
Using Raoult's Law:
For water:

where
of water = 12.5 mmHg
Then, the vapor pressure of water:

For ethanol:

and the
of ethanol = 32.1 mmHg
Then, the vapor pressure of ethanol:

The total vapor pressure 
The total vapor pressure = 
Answer: Option (b) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
According to ideal gas law, the product of pressure and volume is equal to the product of number of moles, gas constant and temperature.
Mathematically, PV = nRT
So, when there are two gases with equal number of moles behaving ideally then the ideal gas equation will be as follows.
= 
and
= 
Hence, when temperature and pressure of both the gases will be constant then
= 1.
Thus, we can conclude that constant temperature and pressure is the conditions that must be met for a volume ratio to be created from a balanced chemical equation.