Answer:
d. maintains all reactions in a pathway near the equilibrium of each.
Explanation:
In living organisms, control processes similar to the control processes used in technology take place in a purely formal way, one can look at living beings as cyber machines. Governance and regulation are fundamental principles of the organization of the living. According to the type of signal or transmission of information, four different types of biological control processes are distinguished:
- Neural
- Hormonal
- Differential gene expression in which substrate or substrate-like effectors are signaling agents.
- Feedback and forward control mechanisms in which the metabolites themselves act as direct signals to control their own degradation or their own synthesis.
Biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other. They can be either of the same species (intraspecific interactions), or of different species (interspecific interactions). These effects may be short-term, like pollination and predation, or long-term; both often strongly influence the evolution of the species involved. A long-term interaction is called a symbiosis. Symbioses range from mutualism, beneficial to both partners, to competition, harmful to both partners.[1] Interactions can be indirect, through intermediaries such as shared resources or common enemies.
Answer: One H⁺ ion ie required in converting ATP and inorganic phosphate to ATP
Explanation:During oxidative phosphorylation, high energy electrons released by hydrogen carriers are shuttled through the electron transport chain. The released energy is used to translocate 3 H+ ions from the matrix, creating an proton motive force, which will cause 1 H+ ion to move down the electrochemical gradient and diffuse back into the matrix (chemiosmosis) which is facilitated by ATP synthase. As the H+ moves through the ATP synthase this triggers the molecular rotation of the enzyme, synthesizing ATP
its hydrogen bonds.... that's really all I know
<span>The Calvin cycle cannot operate during the night, as light is needed to convert carbohydrate molecules into chemical energy. However, some plants that have evolved (due to arid conditions) to utilize CAM photosynthesis (Crassulacean acid metabolism)--which the plant shuts it's stomata during the day, in order to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night, to collect carbon dioxide. Thereby, making the majority of plants unable to compensate like these select few plants--that have evolved to do so.</span>