Answer:

Explanation:
= Intensity of unpolarized light = 
= Angle of the filter = 
Intensity of light is given by

The intensity of light detected by the camera is 
Answer:
Final temperature, 
Explanation:
Given that,
Mass of silver ring, m = 4 g
Initial temperature, 
Heat released, Q = -18 J (as heat is released)
Specific heat capacity of silver, 
To find,
Final temperature
Solution,
The expression for the specific heat is given by :





So, the final temperature of silver is 21.85 degrees Celsius.
If you take a fluid (i.e. air or water) and heat it, the portion that is heated usually expands. The same mass takes up more volume and as a consequence the heated portion becomes less dense than the portion that is<span><span> not heated.</span> </span>
The question is poor. Light doesn't refract on its way THROUGH anything. It refracts at the boundary BETWEEN two different media. The effect is greatest where the ratio of the speeds of light in the two media is greatest. On your list, that would be at the boundary between air or space and glass.