Well, for one thing, they ensure that a scientist can't claim a certain result, which might be biased and thus inaccurate, because he or she is being paid by, say, big business interests. For another, they ensure that medicines or treatments can't be made available to the public without thorough testing, replication, and peer review.
A catalyst
A catalyst can be in many forms
Yes. As long as the ratio of solute and solvent is same for both solution, the solution has the same concentration. for example, solution A has 2 ml of water, and 1 ml of sucrose. Solution B has 4ml of water and 2ml of sucrose. Both has a ratio of water to sucrose by 2 : 1. they have the same concentration of 50% sucrose.
Answer:
Solution A is 1,000 times more acidic than Sol. B
Explanation:
for pH values we use scientific notation:
-log10 c (where c is the hydrogen ion concentration) is used to notate pH value (think of it as a unit)
ie:
10^-2 is sol A 10^-5 is sol B
5-2 is 3
10^-3 = 1000
there's a diff of 1,000 between the solutions.
Answer:
The reaction is not spontaneous in the forward direction, but in the reverse direction.
Explanation:
<u>Step 1: </u>Data given
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g) ΔG° = 2.60 kJ/mol
Temperature = 25°C = 25+273 = 298 Kelvin
The initial pressures are:
pH2 = 3.10 atm
pI2 = 1.5 atm
pHI 1.75 atm
<u>Step 2</u>: Calculate ΔG
ΔG = ΔG° + RTln Q
with ΔG° = 2.60 kJ/mol
with R = 8.3145 J/K*mol
with T = 298 Kelvin
Q = the reaction quotient → has the same expression as equilibrium constant → in this case Kp = [p(HI)]²/ [p(H2)] [p(I2)]
with pH2 = 3.10 atm
pI2 = 1.5 atm
pHI 1.75 atm
Q = (3.10²)/(1.5*1.75)
Q = 3.661
ΔG = ΔG° + RTln Q
ΔG = 2600 J/mol + 8.3145 J/K*mol * 298 K * ln(3.661)
ΔG =5815.43 J/mol = 5.815 kJ/mol
To be spontaneous, ΔG should be <0.
ΔG >>0 so the reaction is not spontaneous in the forward direction, but in the reverse direction.
