(a) The net flux through the coil is zero.
In fact, the magnetic field generated by the wire forms concentric circles around the wire. The wire is placed along the diameter of the coil, so we can imagine as it divides the coil into two emisphere. Therefore, the magnetic field of the wire is perpendicular to the plane of the coil, but the direction of the field is opposite in the two emispheres. Since the two emispheres have same area, then the magnetic fluxes in the two emispheres are equal but opposite in sign, and so they cancel out when summing them together to find the net flux.
(b) If the wire passes through the center of the coil but it is perpendicular to the plane of the wire, the net flux through the coil is still zero.
In fact, the magnetic field generated by the wire forms concentric lines around the wire, so it is parallel to the plane of the coil. But the flux is equal to

where

is the angle between the direction of the magnetic field and the perpendicular to the plane of the coil, so in this case

and so the cosine is zero, therefore the net flux is zero.
<span>In an experiment, a researcher can make claims about causation if the independent variable changes because of changes made to the dependent variable. Causation works on cause and effect, so the changed independent variable is the cause and the changed dependent variable is the effect. In an experiment the independent variable is changed to determine the dependent variables value, so the two are directly related.</span>