Answer:A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding.
Explanation:
(a) The net flux through the coil is zero.
In fact, the magnetic field generated by the wire forms concentric circles around the wire. The wire is placed along the diameter of the coil, so we can imagine as it divides the coil into two emisphere. Therefore, the magnetic field of the wire is perpendicular to the plane of the coil, but the direction of the field is opposite in the two emispheres. Since the two emispheres have same area, then the magnetic fluxes in the two emispheres are equal but opposite in sign, and so they cancel out when summing them together to find the net flux.
(b) If the wire passes through the center of the coil but it is perpendicular to the plane of the wire, the net flux through the coil is still zero.
In fact, the magnetic field generated by the wire forms concentric lines around the wire, so it is parallel to the plane of the coil. But the flux is equal to

where

is the angle between the direction of the magnetic field and the perpendicular to the plane of the coil, so in this case

and so the cosine is zero, therefore the net flux is zero.
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Friction is a nonconservative force. Therefore work done against friction cannot be stored as potential energy and later converted back to kinetic the way work against gravity can.
Gravity always pulls objects such as a desk, book or person down. Thus, when you jump, gravity causes you to land on the ground. Friction, however, doesn't pull objects down. ... Instead friction occurs when something like a machine or individual pulls a sliding object in the opposite direction of another object.
Friction and gravity exist in every aspect of a person’s life. For example, almost every movement you make, such as walking and running, involves friction. When you throw a ball up, gravity causes the ball to fall down. A person sliding a book across a table creates friction. Nevertheless, differences between gravity and friction also exist. Force affects gravity and friction in different ways.