Answer:
hydrogen ions (H⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻)
Explanation:
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid. That means that the compound dissociates completely into ions when is dissolved in water, as follows:
HCl → H⁺ + Cl⁻
The equilibrium is completely shifted to the right side (products). Thus, it is considered that the concentration of the non-dissociated compound (HCl) is negligible, and the major specials present in the solution are the hydrogen ions (H⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻).
I guess it is D, bc heterogeneous means a mixture that’s not uniform in structure
Answer: Concentration of NaOH calculated will be underestimated.
Explanation:
End point is an observational point , which tells us about the completion of reaction between the titrant (solution in burette) and titre(solution in conical flask) in titration experiment.
In this case , NaOH is titrant whose concentration is unknown.
, 
, 

....(1)
According to question a chemist overshoots the end point and adds to much of NaOH solution, which means increase in the value of
.
Then the value of
in equation (1), will get lowered , which means that the concentration of NaOH was lower than that of the actual value. Hence underestimated concentration of NaOH.