Hydrogen has one electron in its outermost shell, while fluorine has seven electron in its outermost shell, hence both hydrogen and fluorine needs a single electron to complete its outermost shell.
That's why there is a single bond between hydrogen and fluorine.
Hence both hydrogen and fluorine share one electron with each other, so option "A" is correct.
The charge of the copper nucleus is 29 times the charge of one proton:

the charge of the electron is

and their separation is

The magnitude of the electrostatic force between them is given by:

where

is the Coulomb's constant. If we substitute the numbers, we find (we can ignore the negative sign of the electron charge, since we are interested only in the magnitude of the force)
Do you not understand how to solve for the answer?
When the mixture (the sugar and water) is frozen, it separates. The water molecules get closer together, separating and pushing the sugar crystals to the top.<span />
Answer:
hello your question lacks some data and required diagram
G = 77 GPa, т all = 80 MPa
answer : required diameter = 252.65 * 10-^3 m
Explanation:
Given data :
force ( P ) = 660 -N force
displacement = 15 mm
G = 77 GPa
т all = 80 MPa
i) Determine the required diameter of shaft BC
considering the vertical displacement ( looking at handle DC from free body diagram )
D' = 0.3 sin∅ , where D = 0.015
hence ∅ = 2.8659°
calculate the torque acting at angle ∅ of CD on the shaft BC
Torque = 660 * 0.3 cos∅
= 660 * 0.3 * cos 2.8659 = 198 * -0.9622 = 190.5156 N
hello attached is the remaining part of the solution