It is true that they had the different types of rule as the Italian city-states have always been very self-suficient in a way (mostly politically not so much economically). This lead to a system or method called autonamy where each city-state more or less had the right for self-government. This also depended on the area of life we're referring to.
The correct answer to this open question is the following.
Although the question does not provide any options, we can answer the following.
Cattle on an open range, in some areas, may compact fragile soils while grazing. This can damage plant roots, leading to fewer, smaller plants, which may in turn cause cattle to graze more and work harder to obtain food. This is an example of a positive feedback loop.
This term is used to transmit the following meaning: the transformation of the ecosystem; from its traditional balanced state to a different situation due to the external circumstances that affect it. Although the external influence could be minor, it has a direct effect on the ecosystem of the place. It can be the result of the consequences due to a determined cause.
The second main difference between socialism and communism is that within communism the distribution of goods and services takes place according to the individuals needs, while in a socialist system, goods and services are distributed based on individual efforts (e.g. paying taxes).
A) In classical conditioning, we need the toddler (US) to discontinue running across a street (UR) by associating it with something unpleasant.
During conditioning, we can use shouting as a neutral stimulus. (NS) Every time the toddler approaches the street (US) it will be associated with yelling. The toddler will then respond to the yelling with fear. (UR)
After conditioning, the toddler will associate crossing the street with fear, without the presence of yelling. (CR)
This method has been proved to generate phobias.
B) When it comes to removing a phobia, it may require <em>systematic desensitization</em>, a type a behavioral therapy based off of classical conditioning. It aims to remove fear (UR)
When the child sees the dog (US) the child is fearful (UR) so we would need relaxation techniques. For example, sweets can be used as a positive reinforcement. (NS)
During conditioning, every time the child is placed with a friendly dog, the child is rewarded with sweets. With enough repetition, the child will willing interact with the dog; play time is the conditioned stimulus, and sense of well-being is the conditioned response.
Answer:
ok so not personally but my dad has been called "old" lol hes 51
