The freezing point of water is 32°F, 0°C.
We can solve the problem by using Snell's law, which states

where

is the refractive index of the first medium

is the angle of incidence

is the refractive index of the second medium

is the angle of refraction
In our problem,

(refractive index of air),

and

(refractive index of carbon disulfide), therefore we can re-arrange the previous equation to calculate the angle of refraction:

From which we find
Answer:
a) 37.8 W
b) 2 Nm
Explanation:
180 g = 0.18 kg
We can also convert 180 revolution per minute to standard angular velocity unit knowing that each revolution is 2π and 1 minute equals to 60 seconds
180 rpm = 180*2π/60 = 18.85 rad/s
We can use the heat specific equation to find the rate of heat exchange of the steel drill and block:

Since the entire mechanical work is used up in producing heat, we can conclude that the rate of work is also 37.8 J/s, or 37.8 W
The torque T required to drill can be calculated using the work equation


