It's mean the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes.
Elements in group 1-2, 13-18, the number of valence electrons is related to the group number. For example, in the first group, the alkali metals there is one valence electron, however in group 13, there are 3 valence electrons. Valence electrons are also known as the outershell electrons.
Hydrocarbons are a type of organic compound. Hydrocarbons contains a carbon, hydrogen and oxygen bond that makes it
organic. Chlorides, carbonates and nitrous oxides are not organic compounds but
they are inorganic compounds.
Water containing carbonic acid and calcium
The correct answer is letter D: Quartz.